By: Dr Rosie Alcorn BVSc PG Cert VPS Cert AVP MRCVS
Feeding pregnant mares throughout the winter months can pose several challenges. By January and February, many mares are entering the third trimester of pregnancy—a crucial time when their energy demands significantly increase to support the growth of their unborn foal. However, this period often coincides with poor-quality grass or a complete lack of access to turnout, which can lead to weight loss in many broodmares.
So, how can you tell if your mares are at a healthy weight, and what can be done to support them in the final stages of pregnancy?
One of the easiest ways to check your mares’ body condition is through a simple visual and physical assessment. When mares are covered in a fluffy winter coat, it’s easy to miss weight issues. Take the time to feel their ribs—ideally, you should be able to feel the ribs but not see them. If the ribs are prominent or you can feel bones sharply, your mare may be underweight.
While some weight loss is common during winter, a mare that is visibly thin or losing weight rapidly needs special attention.
Ensure Adequate Access to Forage
Mares need consistent access to high-quality forage to maintain their condition. If mares are housed in groups, it’s important to monitor that the underweight mare has enough time and space to eat. Smaller or more submissive mares can sometimes be pushed away from the feed source, leading to weight loss over time.
Ensure Forage Quality
The quality of forage is paramount during the winter months. Poor-quality hay or haylage can lack the essential nutrients needed for a pregnant mare, leading to malnutrition. If you’re concerned about the quality of your forage, consider getting it analysed to check for nutrient deficiencies.
Worming Programmes
Parasites can cause significant weight loss in mares. Ensure that your mares are up to date with their worming schedules. However, be aware that worm egg counts may not be as accurate during the colder months, so it’s best to consult with your vet if you have concerns.
Dental Health
Mares that experience weight loss should have a dental examination. As the diet shifts from grass to hay or haylage in the winter, any dental issues can become more pronounced. Poor dentition can make it difficult for mares to properly chew their forage, leading to insufficient nutrient intake. Regular dental checks are essential for ensuring your mare can comfortably consume her feed.
Check for Underlying Health Issues
Some health issues, such as Cushing’s disease (PPID), can affect a mare’s weight and overall health. If you notice any signs of lethargy, excessive drinking, or changes in coat condition, it's worth contacting your vet for a thorough examination and possible diagnostic tests.
If you have an underweight mare, there are several steps you can take to help her regain body condition while meeting her pregnancy-related nutritional needs.
Ensure High-Quality Forage
Access to good-quality forage is the foundation of any mare's diet. If your mare is struggling to eat hay due to dental issues, consider providing mashes or easier-to-eat forage alternatives like soaked hay or haylage. This ensures they get the necessary fibre and calories to maintain health. Mares being bullied should be separated to allow them access to forage.
Provide Additional Calories Safely
To help an underweight mare gain weight, you may need to increase her calorie intake. However, it’s important to avoid high-starch feeds, as these can increase the risk of developmental orthopaedic disease (DOD) in the foal. Instead, increase calorie intake through healthy fats, such as oils, which provide concentrated energy. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in oils like fish oil, can also promote foal brain development and have been shown to improve cognitive behaviour in foals immediately after birth.
High-Quality Protein for Fetal Development
Protein is critical for both the mare and her developing foal. In the last trimester, the foal's development accelerates, and it requires high-quality protein and amino acids for growth. Choose a high-quality stud feed, such as Nurture, which provides balanced protein sources and amino acids that support fetal development and help your mare regain condition.
Vitamins and Minerals
Ensuring that your mare’s diet is rich in essential vitamins and minerals is crucial. Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium are particularly important for both maternal and fetal health. Adequate intake of vitamins A, D, and E will help support the mare’s immune system, promote healthy fetal development, and ensure strong milk production post-foaling.
Ensure Fresh Water at All Times
Access to fresh water is just as important as nutrition. Pregnant mares, especially those in late pregnancy, may drink more water as they prepare for lactation. Make sure your mares always have access to clean, fresh water to support their hydration and overall health.
By paying close attention to your underweight mares’ nutritional needs, ensuring they have access to high-quality forage, and addressing any underlying health concerns, you can help support them through the winter and ensure a successful pregnancy and healthy foal. Don’t hesitate to seek professional advice if you have any concerns—maintaining proper nutrition is key to the well-being of both the mare and her foal.
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